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This variable limits the types of ciphers that SSH can use during communication. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:65736 /etc/hosts.allow file is present. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:50021 The Set Lockout Time For Failed Password Attempts should be set correctly. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:50030 The /etc/shadow file contains the one-way cipher text passwords for each user defined in the /etc/passwd file. The command below sets the user and group ownership of the file to root. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:50031 The /etc/passwd file contains a list of all the valid userIDs defined in the system, but not the passwords. The command below sets the owner and group of the file to root. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:50032 File permission for '/etc/ssh/sshd_config' is set to appropriate values. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:50022 The minimum password age policy should be set appropriately. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:50023 The kernel runtime parameter "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra" should be set to "0". oval:org.secpod.oval:def:50024 The pam_cracklib module checks the strength of passwords. It performs checks such as making sure a password is not a dictionary word, it is a certain length, contains a mix of characters (e.g. alphabet, numeric, other) and more. The following are definitions of the pam_cracklib.so options. * retr ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:50025 The maximum password age policy should meet minimum requirements. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:50026 The /etc/group file contains a list of all the valid groups defined in the system. The command below allows read/write access for root and read access for everyone else. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:50027 Only SSH protocol version 2 connections should be permitted. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:50028 Root login via SSH should be disabled (and dependencies are met) oval:org.secpod.oval:def:50029 This test makes sure that '/etc/shadow' file permission is setted as appropriate. If the target file or directory has an extended ACL then it will fail the mode check. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51260 Monitor session initiation events. The parameters in this section track changes to the files associated with session events. The file /var/run/utmp file tracks all currently logged in users. The /var/log/wtmp file tracks logins, logouts, shutdown and reboot events. All audit records will be tagged w ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51261 Capture events where the system date and/or time has been modified. The parameters in this section are set to determine if the adjtimex (tune kernel clock), settimeofday (Set time, using timeval and timezone structures) stime (using seconds since 1/1/1970) or clock_settime (allows for the setting of ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51264 Record events affecting the group, passwd (user IDs), shadow and gshadow (passwords) or /etc/security/opasswd (old passwords, based on remember parameter in the PAM configuration) files. The parameters in this section will watch the files to see if they have been opened for write or have had attribu ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51263 Record changes to network environment files or system calls. The below parameters monitor the sethostname (set the systems host name) or setdomainname (set the systems domainname) system calls, and write an audit event on system call exit. The other parameters monitor the /etc/issue and /etc/issue.n ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51255 Normally, auditd will hold 4 logs of maximum log file size before deleting older log files. In high security contexts, the benefits of maintaining a long audit history exceed the cost of storing the audit history. max_log_file_action setting in /etc/audit/auditd.conf is set to at least a certain v ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51254 The accounts should be configured to expire automatically following Inactivity accounts. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51256 The auditd daemon can be configured to halt the system when the audit logs are full. In high security contexts, the risk of detecting unauthorized access or nonrepudiation exceeds the benefit of the system's availability. space_left_action, action_mail_acct and admin_space_left_action setting in / ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51259 Monitor changes to file permissions, attributes, ownership and group. The parameters in this section track changes for system calls that affect file permissions and attributes. The chmod, fchmod and fchmodat system calls affect the permissions associated with a file. The chown, fchown, fchownat and ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51258 Monitor SELinux mandatory access controls. The parameters below monitor any write access (potential additional, deletion or modification of files in the directory) or attribute changes to the /etc/selinux directory. Changes to files in this directory could indicate that an unauthorized user is atte ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51270 The Network Information Service (NIS), formerly known as Yellow Pages, is a client-server directory service protocol used to distribute system configuration files. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51273 Set system audit so that audit rules cannot be modified with auditctl. Setting the flag "-e 2" forces audit to be put in immutable mode. Audit changes can only be made on system reboot. In immutable mode, unauthorized users cannot execute changes to the audit system to potentially hide malicious ac ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51272 Monitor scope changes for system administrations. If the system has been properly configured to force system administrators to log in as themselves first and then use the sudo command to execute privileged commands, it is possible to monitor changes in scope. The file /etc/sudoers will be written t ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51275 The talk software makes it possible for users to send and receive messages across systems through a terminal session. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51274 Monitor the loading and unloading of kernel modules. The programs insmod (install a kernel module), rmmod (remove a kernel module), and modprobe (a more sophisticated program to load and unload modules, as well as some other features) control loading and unloading of modules. The init_module (load a ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51265 Monitor for unsuccessful attempts to access files. The parameters below are associated with system calls that control creation (creat), opening (open, openat) and truncation (truncate, ftruncate) of files. An audit log record will only be written if the user is a nonprivileged user (auid > = 500), i ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51268 The prelinking feature changes binaries in an attempt to decrease their startup time. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51267 Monitor the use of the mount system call. The mount (and umount) system call controls the mounting and unmounting of file systems. The parameters below configure the system to create an audit record when the mount system call is used by a non-privileged user. It is highly unusual for a non privileg ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51269 By default, rsyslog does not listen for log messages coming in from remote systems. The ModLoad tells rsyslog to load the imtcp.so module so it can listen over a network via TCP. The InputTCPServerRun option instructs rsyslogd to listen on the specified TCP port. The guidance in the section ensures ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68713 While no .rhosts files are shipped by default, users can easily create them. Rationale: This action is only meaningful if .rhosts support is permitted in the file /etc/pam.conf . Even though the .rhosts files are ineffective if support is disabled in /etc/pam.conf , they may have ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68714 The .netrc file contains data for logging into a remote host for file transfers via FTP. Rationale: The .netrc file presents a significant security risk since it stores passwords in unencrypted form. Even if FTP is disabled, user accounts may have brought over .netrc files from ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68711 Users can be defined in /etc/passwd without a home directory or with a home directory that does not actually exist. Rationale: If the user's home directory does not exist or is unassigned, the user will be placed in "/" and will not be able to write any files or have local envir ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68712 While the system administrator can establish secure permissions for users' home directories, the users can easily override these. Rationale: Group or world-writable user home directories may enable malicious users to steal or modify other users' data or to gain another user's system ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68717 While the system administrator can establish secure permissions for users' .netrc files, the users can easily override these. Rationale: .netrcfiles may contain unencrypted passwords that may be used to attack other systems. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68718 chrony is a daemon which implements the Network Time Protocol (NTP) is designed to synchronize system clocks across a variety of systems and use a source that is highly accurate. Rationale: If chrony is in use on the system proper configuration is vital to ensuring time synchroniza ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68715 The .forward file specifies an email address to forward the user's mail to. Rationale: Use of the .forward file poses a security risk in that sensitive data may be inadvertently transferred outside the organization. The .forward file also poses a risk as it can be used to execut ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68716 While the system administrator can establish secure permissions for users' "dot" files, the users can easily override these. Rationale: Group or world-writable user configuration files may enable malicious users to steal or modify other users' data or to gain another user's syste ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68719 Over time, system administration errors and changes can lead to groups being defined in /etc/passwd but not in /etc/group. Rationale: Groups defined in the /etc/passwd file but not in the /etc/group file pose a threat to system security since group permissions are not properly ma ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51282 The DPKG package 'rsyslog' should be installed. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51281 The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is designed to synchronize system clocks across a variety of systems and use a source that is highly accurate. More information on NTP can be found at http://www.ntp.org. NTP can be configured to be a client and/or a server. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51284 Remote connections (SSH) from accounts with empty passwords should be disabled (and dependencies are met). oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51283 TCP Wrappers provides a simple access list and standardized logging method for services capable of supporting it. In the past, services that were called from inetd and xinetd supported the use of tcp wrappers. As inetd and xinetd have been falling in disuse, any service that can support tcp wrappers ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51286 The kernel module cramfs should be disabled. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51285 SSH's cryptographic host-based authentication is more secure than .rhosts authentication. However, it is not recommended that hosts unilaterally trust one another, even within an organization. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51277 The DPKG package 'xserver-xorg-core' should be removed. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51276 The rsh package contains the client commands for the rsh services. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51279 The DPKG package 'aide' should be installed. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68720 Although the useradd program will not let you create a duplicate User ID (UID), it is possible for an administrator to manually edit the /etc/passwd file and change the UID field. Rationale: Users must be assigned unique UIDs for accountability and to ensure appropriate access pro ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68721 Although the groupadd program will not let you create a duplicate Group ID (GID), it is possible for an administrator to manually edit the /etc/group file and change the GID field. Rationale: User groups must be assigned unique GIDs for accountability and to ensure appropriate a ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68702 Log files stored in /var/log/ contain logged information from many services on the system, or on log hosts others as well. Rationale: It is important to ensure that log files have the correct permissions to ensure that sensitive data is archived and protected. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68703 An SSH private key is one of two files used in SSH public key authentication. In this authentication method, The possession of the private key is proof of identity. Only a private key that corresponds to a public key will be able to authenticate successfully. The private keys need to be stored and h ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68700 The /etc/group file contains a list of all the valid groups defined in the system. The command below allows read/write access for root and read access for everyone else. Rationale: The /etc/group file needs to be protected from unauthorized changes by non-privileged users, but nee ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68701 The contents of the /etc/issue.net file are displayed to users prior to login for remote connections from configured services. Rationale: If the /etc/issue.net file does not have the correct ownership it could be modified by unauthorized users with incorrect or misleading information. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68706 The character + in various files used to be markers for systems to insert data from NIS maps at a certain point in a system configuration file. These entries are no longer required on most systems, but may exist in files that have been imported from other platforms. Rationale: The ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68707 The character + in various files used to be markers for systems to insert data from NIS maps at a certain point in a system configuration file. These entries are no longer required on most systems, but may exist in files that have been imported from other platforms. Rationale: Thes ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68704 An SSH public key is one of two files used in SSH public key authentication. In this authentication method, a public key is a key that can be used for verifying digital signatures generated using a corresponding private key. Only a public key that corresponds to a private key will be able to authent ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68705 The character + in various files used to be markers for systems to insert data from NIS maps at a certain point in a system configuration file. These entries are no longer required on most systems, but may exist in files that have been imported from other platforms. Rationale: The ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51291 The kernel module udf should be disabled. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51290 Emulation of the rsh command through the ssh server should be disabled (and dependencies are met) oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68708 The shadow group allows system programs which require access the ability to read the /etc/shadow file. No users should be assigned to the shadow group. Rationale: Any users assigned to the shadow group would be granted read access to the /etc/shadow file. If attackers can gain re ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51293 The squashfs Kernel Module should be disabled. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68709 Any account with UID 0 has superuser privileges on the system. Rationale: This access must be limited to only the default root account and only from the system console. Administrative access must be through an unprivileged account using an approved mechanism as noted in Item 5.6 ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51292 The kernel runtime parameter "net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses" should be set to "1". oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51295 The kernel runtime parameter "net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies" should be set to "1". oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51294 The kernel runtime parameter "net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts" should be set to "1". oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51296 The kernel runtime parameter "net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter" should be set to "1". oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51288 IPtables is an application that allows a system administrator to configure the IPv4 tables, chains and rules provided by the Linux kernel firewall. ufw was developed to ease IPtables firewall configuration. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51287 The Banner parameter specifies a file whose contents must be sent to the remote user before authentication is permitted. By default, no banner is displayed. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51289 The two options ClientAliveInterval and ClientAliveCountMax control the timeout of ssh sessions. When the ClientAliveInterval variable is set, ssh sessions that have no activity for the specified length of time are terminated. When the ClientAliveCountMax variable is set, sshd will send client alive ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68710 An account with an empty password field means that anybody may log in as that user without providing a password. Rationale: All accounts must have passwords or be locked to prevent the account from being used by an unauthorized user. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51334 Access permission for '/etc/cron.monthly' is set to appropriate values. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51336 Configure /etc/cron.allow and /etc/at.allow to allow specific users to use these services. If /etc/cron.allow or /etc/at.allow do not exist, then /etc/at.deny and /etc/cron.deny are checked. Any user not specifically defined in those files is allowed to use at and cron. By removing the files, only u ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51335 The /etc/cron.weekly directory contains system cron jobs that need to run on a weekly basis. The files in this directory cannot be manipulated by the crontab command, but are instead edited by system administrators using a text editor. The commands below restrict read/write and search access to user ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51337 Access permission for '/etc/cron.d' is set to appropriate values. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51339 The /etc/crontab file is used by cron to control its own jobs. The commands in this item make sure that root is the user and group owner of the file and that only the owner can access the file. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:65735 'biosdevname' is an external tool that works with the udev framework for naming devices. 'biosdevname' uses three methods to determine NIC names: 1. PCI firmware spec.3.1 2. smbios (matches # after "em" to OEM # printed on board or housing) 3. PCI IRQ Routing Table (uses # of NIC position in t ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51342 The /etc/cron.daily directory contains system cron jobs that need to run on a daily basis. The files in this directory cannot be manipulated by the crontab command, but are instead edited by system administrators using a text editor. The commands below restrict read/write and search access to user a ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51344 This directory contains system cron jobs that need to run on an hourly basis. The files in this directory cannot be manipulated by the crontab command, but are instead edited by system administrators using a text editor. The commands below restrict read/write and search access to user and group root ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51240 The PermitUserEnvironment option allows users to present environment options to the ssh daemon. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51242 There are several options available to limit which users and group can access the system via SSH. It is recommended that at least one of the following options be leveraged: AllowUsers The AllowUsers variable gives the system administrator the option of allowing specific users to ssh into the syste ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51241 The su command allows a user to run a command or shell as another user. The program has been superseded by sudo, which allows for more granular control over privileged access. Normally, the su command can be executed by any user. By uncommenting the pam_wheel.so statement in /etc/pam.d/su, the su co ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51232 The passwords to remember should be set correctly. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51235 The kernel runtime parameter "net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects" should be set to "0". oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51234 Mail Transfer Agents (MTA), such as sendmail and Postfix, are used to listen for incoming mail and transfer the messages to the appropriate user or mail server. If the system is not intended to be a mail server, it is recommended that the MTA be configured to only process local mail. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51236 The kernel runtime parameter "net.ipv4.ip_forward" should be set to "0". oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51251 The default umask for all users specified in /etc/login.defs oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51250 File permissions for '/etc/group' should be set correctly. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51253 This test makes sure that '/etc/passwd' has proper permission. If the target file or directory has an extended ACL then it will fail the mode check. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51252 The root account is the only system account that should have a login shell. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51244 The Kernel Parameter for Accepting Source-Routed Packets By Default should be enabled or disabled as appropriate. The kernel runtime parameter "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route" should be set to "0". oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51243 The kernel runtime parameter "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects" should be set to "0". oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51246 The MaxAuthTries parameter specifies the maximum number of authentication attempts permitted per connection. When the login failure count reaches half the number, error messages will be written to the syslog file detailing the login failure. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51245 The INFO parameter specifies that record login and logout activity will be logged. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51248 The X11Forwarding parameter provides the ability to tunnel X11 traffic through the connection to enable remote graphic connections. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51247 The kernel runtime parameter "net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects" should be set to "0". oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51249 The Set Password Warning Age should be set appropriately. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51301 The kernel module hfsplus should be disabled. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51300 The file /etc/securetty contains a list of valid terminals that may be logged in directly as root. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51303 The kernel module hfs should be disabled. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51302 The kernel runtime parameter "net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians" should be set to "1". oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51305 The kernel runtime parameter "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects" should be set to "0". oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51304 File permission for '/etc/hosts.deny' is set to appropriate values. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51307 Global IPv6 initialization should be disabled. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51306 The /etc/hosts.allow file contains networking information that is used by many applications and therefore must be readable for these applications to operate. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51309 The grub configuration file contains information on boot settings and passwords for unlocking boot options. The grub configuration is usually grub.cfg stored in /boot/grub. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51308 The grub boot loader should have password protection enabled. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51310 The kernel runtime parameter "kernel.randomize_va_space" should be set to "2". oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51311 Core dumps for all users should be disabled oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51313 The kernel module tipc should be disabled. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51315 The kernel module rds should be disabled. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51321 The kernel module sctp should be disabled. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51323 The kernel module dccp should be disabled. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51322 Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a simple file transfer protocol, typically used to automatically transfer configuration or boot machines from a boot server. The packages tftp and atftp are both used to define and support a TFTP server. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51325 Syslog logs should be sent to a remote loghost oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51327 The logrotate (syslog rotater) service should be enabled. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:73995 Configure the loopback interface to accept traffic. Configure all other interfaces to deny traffic to the loopback network (127.0.0.0/8).Loopback traffic is generated between processes on machine and is typically critical to operation of the system. The loopback interface is the only place that loop ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:73996 Configure the loopback interface to accept traffic. Configure all other interfaces to deny traffic to the loopback network (127.0.0.0/8).Loopback traffic is generated between processes on machine and is typically critical to operation of the system. The loopback interface is the only place that loop ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:73989 A default deny all policy on connections ensures that any unconfigured network usage will be rejected.With a default accept policy the firewall will accept any packet that is not configured to be denied. It is easier to white list acceptable usage than to black list unacceptable usage. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:73984 The use of wireless networking can introduce many different attack vectors into the organization's network. Common attack vectors such as malicious association and ad hoc networks will allow an attacker to spoof a wireless access point (AP), allowing validated systems to connect to the malicious AP ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:73980 Monitor login and logout events. The parameters below track changes to files associated with login/logout events. The file /var/log/faillog tracks failed events from login. The file /var/log/lastlog maintain records of the last time a user successfully logged in. The file /var/log/tallylog maintains ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:73990 A default deny all policy on connections ensures that any unconfigured network usage will be rejected.With a default accept policy the firewall will accept any packet that is not configured to be denied. It is easier to white list acceptable usage than to black list unacceptable usage. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:69552 MAC algorithms being used during ssh can be limited by defining them in sshd_config file. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:69553 Recent processors in the x86 family support the ability to prevent code execution on a per memory page basis. Generically and on AMD processors, this ability is called No Execute (NX), while on Intel processors it is called Execute Disable (XD). This ability can help prevent exploitation of buffer o ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:69550 The contents of the file /etc/motd file are displayed to users after login and function as a message of the day for authenticated users. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:69551 Monitor the sudo log file. If the system has been properly configured to disable the use of the su command and force all administrators to have to log in first and then use sudo to execute privileged commands, then all administrator commands will be logged to /var/log/sudoers_log. Any time a command ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:69554 UsePAM Enables the Pluggable Authentication Module interface. If set to yes this will enable PAM authentication using ChallengeResponseAuthentication and PasswordAuthentication in addition to PAM account and session module processing for all authentication types oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68689 The MaxSessions parameter specifies the maximum number of open sessions permitted from a given connection. Rationale: To protect a system from denial of service due to a large number of concurrent sessions, use the rate limiting function of MaxSessions to protect availability of s ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68690 The commands below change password encryption from md5 to sha512 (a much stronger hashing algorithm). All existing accounts will need to perform a password change to upgrade the stored hashes to the new algorithm. Rationale: The SHA-512 algorithm provides much stronger hashing than M ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68691 The usermod command can be used to specify which group the root user belongs to. This affects permissions of files that are created by the root user. Rationale: Using GID 0 for the root account helps prevent root-owned files from accidentally becoming accessible to non-privileged users. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68694 The contents of the /etc/motd file are displayed to users after login and function as a message of the day for authenticated users. Rationale: If the /etc/motd file does not have the correct ownership it could be modified by unauthorized users with incorrect or misleading informa ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68695 The contents of the /etc/issue file are displayed to users prior to login for local terminals. Rationale: If the /etc/issue file does not have the correct ownership it could be modified by unauthorized users with incorrect or misleading information. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68692 AppArmor profiles define what resources applications are able to access. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68693 Ensure all apparmor profiles are in enforce or complain mode. Rationale: Security configuration requirements vary from site to site. Some sites may mandate a policy that is stricter than the default policy, which is perfectly acceptable. This item is intended to ensure that any p ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68698 The /etc/passwd file contains user account information that is used by many system utilities and therefore must be readable for these utilities to operate. Rationale: It is critical to ensure that the /etc/passwd file is protected from unauthorized write access. Although it is pro ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68699 The /etc/shadow file is used to store the information about user accounts that is critical to the security of those accounts, such as the hashed password and other security information. Rationale: If attackers can gain read access to the /etc/shadow file, they can easily run a pass ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68696 Rsyslog will create logfiles that do not already exist on the system. This setting controls what permissions will be applied to these newly created files. Rationale: It is important to ensure that log files have the correct permissions to ensure that sensitive data is archived and ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68697 The /etc/gshadow file is used to store the information about groups that is critical to the security of those accounts, such as the hashed password and other security information Rationale: If attackers can gain read access to the /etc/gshadow file, they can easily run a password ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68658 The auditing daemon, auditd , stores log data in the /var/log/audit directory. Rationale: There are two important reasons to ensure that data gathered by auditd is stored on a separate partition: protection against resource exhaustion (since the audit.log file can grow quite large ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68659 The /home directory is used to support disk storage needs of local users. Rationale: If the system is intended to support local users, create a separate partition for the /home directory to protect against resource exhaustion and restrict the type of files that can be stored und ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68656 The /var/log directory is used by system services to store log data. Rationale: There are two important reasons to ensure that system logs are stored on a separate partition: protection against resource exhaustion (since logs can grow quite large) and protection of audit data. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68657 sudo allows a permitted user to execute a command as the superuser or another user, as specified by the security policy. The invoking user's real (not effective) user ID is used to determine the user name with which to query the security policy. Rationale: sudo supports a plugin arch ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68661 The nodev mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain special devices. Rationale: Since the /dev/shm filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to ensure that users cannot attempt to create special devices in /dev/shm partitions. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68662 The nosuid mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain setuid files. Rationale: Setting this option on a file system prevents users from introducing privileged programs onto the system and allowing non-root users to execute them. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68660 The nodev mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain special devices. Rationale: Since the user partitions are not intended to support devices, set this option to ensure that users cannot attempt to create block or character special devices. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68665 The nodev mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain special devices. Rationale: Since the /tmp filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to ensure that users cannot attempt to create block or character special devices in /tmp. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68666 The nosuid mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain setuid files. Rationale: Since the /tmp filesystem is only intended for temporary file storage, set this option to ensure that users cannot create setuid files in /tmp. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68663 The noexec mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain executable binaries. Rationale: Setting this option on a file system prevents users from executing programs from shared memory. This deters users from introducing potentially malicious software on the system. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68664 The /tmp directory is a world-writable directory used for temporary storage by all users and some applications. Rationale: Making /tmp its own file system allows an administrator to set the noexec option on the mount, making /tmp useless for an attacker to install executable code. ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68654 The noexec mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain executable binaries. Rationale: Since the /var/tmp filesystem is only intended for temporary file storage, set this option to ensure that users cannot run executable binaries from /var/tmp . oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68655 Single user mode (rescue mode) is used for recovery when the system detects an issue during boot or by manual selection from the bootloader. Rationale: Requiring authentication in single user mode (rescue mode) prevents an unauthorized user from rebooting the system into single user ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68653 USB storage provides a means to transfer and store files insuring persistence and availability of the files independent of network connection status. Its popularity and utility has led to USB-based malware being a simple and common means for network infiltration and a first step to establishing a pe ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68678 The telnet package contains the telnet client, which allows users to start connections to other systems via the telnet protocol. Rationale: The telnet protocol is insecure and unencrypted. The use of an unencrypted transmission medium could allow an unauthorized user to steal cred ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68679 The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) was introduced as a replacement for NIS/YP. It is a service that provides a method for looking up information from a central database. Rationale: If the system will not need to act as an LDAP client, it is recommended that the softw ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68680 A Firewall package should be selected. Most firewall configuration utilities operate as a front end to nftables or iptables. Rationale: A Firewall package is required for firewall management and configuration. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68683 The /etc/hosts.deny file specifies which IP addresses are not permitted to connect to the host. It is intended to be used in conjunction with the /etc/hosts.allow file. Rationale: The /etc/hosts.deny file serves as a failsafe so that any host not specified in /etc/hosts.allow is denied a ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68684 Backlog limit represents the number of logs it will hold. Rationale: During boot if audit=1, then the backlog will hold specified number of records. If records more than are created during boot, auditd records will be lost and potential malicious activity could go undetected. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68681 auditd is the userspace component to the Linux Auditing System. It's responsible for writing audit records to the disk. Rationale: The capturing of system events provides system administrators with information to allow them to determine if unauthorized access to their system is occ ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68687 SSH port forwarding is a mechanism in SSH for tunneling application ports from the client to the server, or servers to clients. It can be used for adding encryption to legacy applications, going through firewalls, and some system administrators and IT professionals use it for opening backdoors into ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68688 The MaxStartups parameter specifies the maximum number of concurrent unauthenticated connections to the SSH daemon. Rationale: To protect a system from denial of service due to a large number of pending authentication connection attempts, use the rate limiting function of MaxStartu ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68685 GDM is the GNOME Display Manager which handles graphical login for GNOME based systems. Rationale: Warning messages inform users who are attempting to login to the system of their legal status regarding the system and must include the name of the organization that owns the system ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68686 The LoginGraceTime parameter specifies the time allowed for successful authentication to the SSH server. The longer the Grace period is the more open unauthenticated connections can exist. Like other session controls in this session the Grace Period should be limited to appropriate organizational li ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68669 The /var/tmp directory is a world-writable directory used for temporary storage by all users and some applications. Rationale: Since the /var/tmp directory is intended to be world-writable, there is a risk of resource exhaustion if it is not bound to a separate partition. In additi ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68667 The noexec mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain executable binaries. Rationale: Since the /tmp filesystem is only intended for temporary file storage, set this option to ensure that users cannot run executable binaries from /tmp. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68668 The /var directory is used by daemons and other system services to temporarily store dynamic data. Some directories created by these processes may be world-writable. Rationale: Since the /var directory may contain world-writable files and directories, there is a risk of resource e ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68672 sudo can be configured to run only from a psuedo-pty. Rationale: Attackers can run a malicious program using sudo which would fork a background process that remains even when the main program has finished executing. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68673 sudo can use a custom log file. Rationale: A sudo log file simplifies auditing of sudo commands. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68670 The nodev mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain special devices. Rationale: Since the /var/tmp filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to ensure that users cannot attempt to create block or character special devices in /var/tmp. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68671 The nosuid mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain setuid files. Rationale: Since the /var/tmp filesystem is only intended for temporary file storage, set this option to ensure that users cannot create setuid files in /var/tmp. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68676 The eXtended InterNET Daemon ( xinetd ) is an open source super daemon that replaced the original inetd daemon. The xinetd daemon listens for well known services and dispatches the appropriate daemon to properly respond to service requests. Rationale: If there are no xinetd servic ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68677 The inetd daemon listens for well known services and dispatches the appropriate daemon to properly respond to service requests. Rationale: If there are no inetd services required, it is recommended that the daemon be removed. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68674 AppArmor provides Mandatory Access Controls. Rationale: Without a Mandatory Access Control system installed only the default Discretionary Access Control system will be available. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68735 The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) provides networked computers with the ability to transfer files. Rationale: FTP does not protect the confidentiality of data or authentication credentials. It is recommended SFTP be used if file transfer is required. Unless there is a need to run t ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68736 The nftables service allows for the loading of nftables rulesets during boot, or starting of the nftables service. Rationale: The nftables service restores the nftables rules from the rules files referenced in the /etc/sysconfig/nftables.conf file during boot or the starting of th ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68733 The Common Unix Print System (CUPS) provides the ability to print to both local and network printers. A system running CUPS can also accept print jobs from remote systems and print them to local printers. It also provides a web based remote administration capability. Rationale: If ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68734 The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a service that allows machines to be dynamically assigned IP addresses. Rationale: Unless a system is specifically set up to act as a DHCP server, it is recommended that this service be deleted to reduce the potential attack surface ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68739 Turn on the auditd daemon to record system events. Rationale: The capturing of system events provides system administrators with information to allow them to determine if unauthorized access to their system is occurring. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68737 The cron daemon is used to execute batch jobs on the system. Rationale: While there may not be user jobs that need to be run on the system, the system does have maintenance jobs that may include security monitoring that have to run, and cron is used to execute them. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68738 Once the rsyslog package is installed it needs to be activated. Rationale: If the rsyslog service is not activated the system may default to the syslogd service or lack logging instead. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51299 The kernel module freevxfs should be disabled. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51298 The kernel module jffs2 should be disabled. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68742 Squid is a standard proxy server used in many distributions and environments. Rationale: If there is no need for a proxy server, it is recommended that the squid proxy be deleted to reduce the potential attack surface. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68743 The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) was introduced as a replacement for NIS/YP. It is a service that provides a method for looking up information from a central database. Rationale: If the system will not need to act as an LDAP server, it is recommended that the softw ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68740 The Network Information Service (NIS), formerly known as Yellow Pages, is a client-server directory service protocol used to distribute system configuration files. The NIS client ( ypbind ) was used to bind a machine to an NIS server and receive the distributed configuration files. Ration ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68741 The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical naming system that maps names to IP addresses for computers, services and other resources connected to a network. Rationale: Unless a system is specifically designated to act as a DNS server, it is recommended that the package be dele ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68724 nftables is a subsystem of the Linux kernel providing filtering and classification of network packets/datagrams/frames. The nftables service reads the /etc/nftables.conf file for a nftables file or files to include in the nftables ruleset. A nftables ruleset containing the input, forward, and outp ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68725 Data from journald may be stored in volatile memory or persisted locally on the server. Utilities exist to accept remote export of journald logs, however, use of the rsyslog service provides a consistent means of log collection and export. Rationale: Storing log data on a remote ho ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68722 Although the useradd program will not let you create a duplicate user name, it is possible for an administrator to manually edit the /etc/passwd file and change the user name. Rationale: If a user is assigned a duplicate user name, it will create and have access to files with the ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68723 Although the groupadd program will not let you create a duplicate group name, it is possible for an administrator to manually edit the /etc/group file and change the group name. Rationale: If a group is assigned a duplicate group name, it will create and have access to files with ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68728 autofs allows automatic mounting of devices, typically including CD/DVDs and USB drives. RAtionale: With automounting enabled anyone with physical access could attach a USB drive or disc and have its contents available in system even if they lacked permissions to mount it themse ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68729 The Samba daemon allows system administrators to configure their Linux systems to share file systems and directories with Windows desktops. Samba will advertise the file systems and directories via the Server Message Block (SMB) protocol. Windows desktop users will be able to mount these directories ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68726 The journald system includes the capability of compressing overly large files to avoid filling up the system with logs or making the logs unmanageably large. Rationale: Uncompressed large files may unexpectedly fill a filesystem leading to resource unavailability. Compressing log ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68727 Data from journald may be stored in volatile memory or persisted locally on the server. Logs in memory will be lost upon a system reboot. By persisting logs to local disk on the server they are protected from loss. Rationale: Writing log data to disk will provide the ability to fo ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68731 The rsyncd service can be used to synchronize files between systems over network links. Rationale: The rsyncd service presents a security risk as it uses unencrypted protocols for communication. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68732 Avahi is a free zeroconf implementation, including a system for multicast DNS/DNS-SD service discovery. Avahi allows programs to publish and discover services and hosts running on a local network with no specific configuration. For example, a user can plug a computer into a network and Avahi automat ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68730 The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) server is used to listen for SNMP commands from an SNMP management system, execute the commands or collect the information and then send results back to the requesting system. Rationale: The SNMP server can communicate using SNMP v1, w ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68746 System time should be synchronized between all systems in an environment. This is typically done by establishing an authoritative time server or set of servers and having all systems synchronize their clocks to them. Rationale: Time synchronization is important to support time sens ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68747 Periodic checking of the filesystem integrity is needed to detect changes to the filesystem. Rationale: Periodic file checking allows the system administrator to determine on a regular basis if critical files have been changed in an unauthorized fashion. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68744 HTTP or web servers provide the ability to host web site content. Rationale: Unless there is a need to run the system as a web server, it is recommended that the package be deleted to reduce the potential attack surface. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68745 Dovecot is an open source mail submission and transport server for Linux based systems. Rationale: Unless mail transport services are to be provided by this system, it is recommended that the service be disabled or deleted to reduce the potential attack surface. Note: Several ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68748 All users should have a password change date in the past. Rationale: If a users recorded password change date is in the future then they could bypass any set password expiration. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68749 The default TMOUT determines the shell timeout for users. The TMOUT value is measured in seconds. Rationale: Having no timeout value associated with a shell could allow an unauthorized user access to another user's shell session (e.g. user walks away from their computer and doesn' ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68750 The Network File System (NFS) is one of the first and most widely distributed file systems in the UNIX environment. It provides the ability for systems to mount file systems of other servers through the network. The rpcbind service maps Remote Procedure Call (RPC) services to the ports on wh ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51262 Configure grub or lilo so that processes that are capable of being audited can be audited even if they start up prior to auditd startup.Audit events need to be captured on processes that start up prior to auditd, so that potential malicious activity cannot go undetected. oval:org.secpod.oval:def:68675 Configure AppArmor to be enabled at boot time and verify that it has not been overwritten by the bootloader boot parameters. Rationale: AppArmor must be enabled at boot time in your bootloader configuration to ensure that the controls it provides are not overridden. Note: This re ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51266 Monitor the use of system calls associated with the deletion or renaming of files and file attributes. This configuration statement sets up monitoring for the unlink (remove a file), unlinkat (remove a file attribute), rename (rename a file) and renameat (rename a file attribute) system calls and ta ... oval:org.secpod.oval:def:51317 max_log_file setting in /etc/audit/auditd.conf is set to at least a certain value |
